Cientistas dinamarqueses dizem ter criado dieta ideal contra obesidade
Pesquisadores dinamarqueses determinaram a dieta ideal para se evitar a obesidade: rica em proteínas e pobre em glicídios, segundo estudo [Diets with High or Low Protein Content and Glycemic Index for Weight-Loss Maintenance] realizado em oito países europeus e publicado nesta quarta-feira nos Estados Unidos.
O objetivo do estudo chamado “Diógenes” foi definir a dieta alimentar ideal para impedir ou combater a obesidade, explicaram seus autores, cujo trabalho será publicado no New England Journal of Medicine de 25 de novembro.
A pesquisa, que envolveu 772 famílias europeias com ao menos um filho com entre cinco e 17 anos em bom estado de saúde, e um pai com entre 18 e 65 anos, determinou que a dieta ideal é rica em proteínas e pobre em gorduras animais e glicídios. Reportagem da AFP, com informações adicionais do EcoDebate.
Esta dieta compreende, por exemplo, carne branca, laticínios com pouca gordura, vagens como fonte de fibras e menos pão e arroz branco, que são ricos em glicídios.
Os pesquisadores selecionaram nestas famílias os pais com excesso de peso e obesos, chegando a um total de 938 adultos. As 827 crianças destas famílias, muitas com excesso de peso, também participaram do estudo.
Com a dieta ideal, não foi preciso contar calorias e os participantes puderam comer sem restrição de quantidade, destaca a pesquisa.
Os adultos foram submetidos no início do estudo a um regime de 800 calorias diárias durante oito semanas, período no qual perderam 11 quilos em média.
Em seguida, foram sorteados para cumprir cinco dietas distintas, todas pobres em gordura animal, durante seis meses, para determinar a mais eficaz contra o ganho de peso.
A mais rica em proteínas e mais pobre em glicídios foi a mais eficaz.
Os adultos submetidos à dieta pobre em proteínas e rica em lipídios pesaram, em média, mais 1,67 quilo, contra 0,74 quilo dos que seguiram uma alimentação rica em proteínas e pobre em glicídios.
Entre as crianças, que não passaram pelo regime inicial, a dieta rica em proteínas e baixa em glicídios reduziu a taxa de excesso de peso de 46% para 15%.
Os resultados da pesquisa com as crianças foram publicados na revista americana Pediatrics.
O amplo estudo foi dirigido pelos doutores Thomas Meinert Larsen e Arne Astrup, da Universidade de Copenhague, e financiado por uma verba de 14,5 milhões de euros concedida pela União Europeia.
O artigo “Diets with High or Low Protein Content and Glycemic Index for Weight-Loss Maintenance” apenas estará disponível na íntegra para assinantes do New England Journal of Medicine.
Para maiores informações transcrevemos, abaixo, o abstract:
Diets with High or Low Protein Content and Glycemic Index for Weight-Loss Maintenance
Background
Studies of weight-control diets that are high in protein or low in glycemic index have reached varied conclusions, probably owing to the fact that the studies had insufficient power.
Methods
We enrolled overweight adults from eight European countries who had lost at least 8% of their initial body weight with a 3.3-MJ (800-kcal) low-calorie diet. Participants were randomly assigned, in a two-by-two factorial design, to one of five ad libitum diets to prevent weight regain over a 26-week period: a low-protein and low-glycemic-index diet, a low-protein and high-glycemic-index diet, a high-protein and low-glycemic-index diet, a high-protein and high-glycemic-index diet, or a control diet.
Results
A total of 1209 adults were screened (mean age, 41 years; body-mass index [the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters], 34), of whom 938 entered the low-calorie-diet phase of the study. A total of 773 participants who completed that phase were randomly assigned to one of the five maintenance diets; 548 completed the intervention (71%). Fewer participants in the high-protein and the low-glycemic-index groups than in the low-protein–high-glycemic-index group dropped out of the study (26.4% and 25.6%, respectively, vs. 37.4%; P=0.02 and P=0.01 for the respective comparisons). The mean initial weight loss with the low-calorie diet was 11.0 kg. In the analysis of participants who completed the study, only the low-protein–high-glycemic-index diet was associated with subsequent significant weight regain (1.67 kg; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.48 to 2.87). In an intention-to-treat analysis, the weight regain was 0.93 kg less (95% CI, 0.31 to 1.55) in the groups assigned to a high-protein diet than in those assigned to a low-protein diet (P=0.003) and 0.95 kg less (95% CI, 0.33 to 1.57) in the groups assigned to a low-glycemic-index diet than in those assigned to a high-glycemic-index diet (P=0.003). The analysis involving participants who completed the intervention produced similar results. The groups did not differ significantly with respect to diet-related adverse events.
Conclusions
In this large European study, a modest increase in protein content and a modest reduction in the glycemic index led to an improvement in study completion and maintenance of weight loss. (Funded by the European Commission; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00390637.)
Drs. Meinert Larsen and Astrup report that their department, the Department of Nutrition at the University of Copenhagen, has received research support from more than 100 food companies for this and other studies. Dr. Astrup reports serving as an executive board member of Obesity International Trading (United Kingdom), Beer Knowledge Institute (the Netherlands), Global Dairy Platform (United States), and Nordic Food Lab (Denmark); serving on the European Almond Advisory Board and on the boards of 7TM Pharma, NeuroSearch, Basic Research, Merck, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Jenny Craig, and Kraft; acting as a consultant or advisory board member for 7TM Pharma, NeuroSearch, Basic Research, Merck, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Pfizer, Vivus, Jenny Craig, Almond Board of California, and Kraft; and receiving lecture fees from the Almond Board of California, Arla, Campina, and Astellas Pharma. Dr. van Baak reports receiving lecture fees from Nutrition et Santé (Belgium), and Asociación General Fabricantes de Azúcar (Spain); she also reports that her institution, Maastricht University Medical Center, received research support from Top Institute Food and Nutrition (Wageningen, the Netherlands) and a commercial obesity treatment center, Center for Obesity Europe (Heerlen, the Netherlands). Dr. Pfeiffer reports serving as a board member or receiving consulting fees from Danone Medical Nutrition and also reports that his institution, the German Institute of Human Nutrition, receives grants from Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, the German Diabetes Foundation, Bayer, and Rettenmayer and Söhne. Dr. Jebb reports serving as a board member of Coca-Cola, PepsiCo, Heinz, Kellogg’s, Nestle, and the Almond Board of California (the fees for all board memberships are given to her institution, the Elsie Widdowson Laboratory), receiving consulting fees from Tanita UK, and receiving payment from Rosemary Conley Enterprises for the development of educational presentations, a magazine column, and interviews on nutrition and weight management; she also reports that her institution receives grant support from the World Cancer Research Fund, Tanita, WeightWatchers, Coca-Cola, and Sanofi-Aventis. Dr. Kunešová reports that her institution, the Institute of Endocrinology Obesity Management Center, has received support or research grants from Unilever, Institute Danone, Milcom–Dairy Research Institute of the Federation of the Food and Drink Industries of the Czech Republic, Novo Nordisk, Abbott Laboratories, Merck, Sanofi-Aventis, Pfizer, and Schering-Plough (now Merck). Dr. Stender reports receiving consulting fees from Novartis and Kowa Research Institute and lecture fees from Merck, Pfizer, and Roche; he also reports that his department at the Gentofte University Hospital has received payment for participation in drug trials sponsored by Pfizer, Merck, Kowa Research Institute, Novartis, Johnson & Johnson, Cyncron, Parexel, Sanofi-Aventis, AstraZeneca, Bayer, and Janssen-Cilag. Dr. Saris reports receiving consulting fees from Nutrition and Santé (Belgium), serving on the boards of Food for Health (Ireland), International Life Sciences Institute Research Foundation (Washington, DC), McDonalds (Oak Brook, IL), and the Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (Reading, UK), being a member of review panels for INRA (France), Genome (Canada), and NordForsk (Norway), and being a part-time employee of Corporate Scientist Nutrition at DSM (the Netherlands); he also reports that his institution, the Maastricht University Medical Center, receives research support from the Dutch Dairy Foundation and Novo Nordisk.
Disclosure forms provided by the authors are available with the full text of this article at NEJM.org.
Source Information
From the Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Life Sciences (T.M.L., S.-M.D., A.A.), and the Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Gentofte Hospital (S.S.), University of Copenhagen; and the Institute of Preventive Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital (M.P., C.H.) — all in Copenhagen; the NUTRIM (Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht) School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands (M.B., W.H.M.S.); the Medical Research Council Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom (S.A.J.); the Department of Social Medicine, Preventive Medicine, and Nutrition Clinic, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece (A.P.); the Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany (A.F.H.P.); the Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (A.F.H.P.); the Department of Physiology and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain (J.A.M.); the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, National Transport Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria (T.H.-D.); and the Obesity Management Center, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic (M.K.).
Address reprint requests to Dr. Larsen at the Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, 1958 Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark, or at tml@life.ku.dk.
Reportagem da AFP, no UOL Notícias.
EcoDebate, 26/11/2010
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